Amateka: Ubwami bwabaye bu nini mu mateka y’Isi.

10. Ubwami bwa Porotigare (Portugal).1415_1999

Ubwami bwa Porotigare ni bwo bwami bugali bwa bimburiye ubundi ku Isi mu kugenze ibice binini Kandi biri ahantu hatandukanye. Bisobanuye Ko ari bwo bwami bwa mbere bwahurije hamwe ubutaka buri ku migabane myinshi itandukanye harimo Africa, Europe America y’epfo ndetse na Asia. 

Ubu bwami bwatangiye kwaguka no kugenzura ibice bitandukanye mu 1415 kugeza mu 1999 ubwo Porotigare yarekaga Macao ikaba igice kigenga ariko kibarizwa ku Bushinwa. 

Porotigare ikaba yaramaze imyaka 600 yose igenzura ubu bwami yari yarashinze ahatandukanye ku Isi kuva I Lisbon, Angola, Cape Verde, India, Nagasaki, Colombo,Hormuz, Malacca, Goa, Cochin, Sao Tome and Principe, Azores, Madeira, Mocambique, Brazil na Macau. 

Porotigare Kandi niyo yakwirakwije ubukirisitu hanze y’u Burayi bwa mbere itangiza no kubaka amadini ndetse no gukora ubucuruzi mu bice yari yarigaruriye. 

9. Yuan Dynasty / Empire of the Great Khan. 1271_1368

Yuan yashinzwe na Non_Han ubu bwami bwa hurizaga hamwe Mongolia n’u Bushinwa. 

8.Umayyad  Caliphate 661_750

Ubwami bw’abami bwa Umayyad bwashinzwe na  Mu’awiya bukayoborwa mu buryo bwa Caliphate, bukaba ari caliphate ya 2 muri 4 zimaze gushingwa nyuma y’urupfu rwa Muhammad. 

Ubu bwami bugali bwa Umayyad bwayoborerwa I Damascus kuva 661 kugera 744, kuva 744_745 buyoborerwa Harran. 

Umayyad yagenzuriye hamwe ibice bigari bya Asia yo hagati Africa ya Ruguru na Espagne. 

7. Abbasid

6. U Bufaransa (France). 1804_1815

U Burusiya bwigaruriye Uburayi kuva 1804 kugera 1815 ubwo Napoleon yabutegekaga agashinga Ubwami bw’Abami bugali bwahurizaga hamwe U Bufaransa, U Butaliyani, Esipaniya, Polonye, U Bubiligi, U Buholandi, Ibice bimwe by’u Budage ibi Bihugu byose Napoleon yari yarabigize Ubwami bwe. 

Nyuma y’aha u Bufaransa bwaje gushinga ubundi bwami hanze y’u Burayi guhera mu 1534_ 1980. U Bufaransa bwagenzuye ibice bimwe bya USA y’ubu, u Bufaransa bwanayifashije kwirukana Abongereza ibona kwigenga, u Bufaransa Kandi bwigaruriye Canada igihe. 

Nyuma y’aho bwakomereje muri Africa aho bwagenzuye uko bubyumva ibice b’i nini igihe kirekire cyane ibyo mu Burengerazuba n’Amajyaruvuru ya Africa,Uburasirazuba bwo hagati, Madagascar na indo China.

5.Esipaniya (Espagne). 1580_1640 

Ubwami bw’Abami bwa Esipaniya hagati Y’i 1580 kugera 1640 bwari Ubwami bukomeye cyane bugenzure ibice binini ari byo Mexico, ibice bimwe bya USA y’iki gihe, Sardinia, Sicily, Milan, u Buholandi na Naples ibi bice byaje kwigumura 1714 byivana kuri Esipaniya ubwo. 

Esipaniya yaje no kugenzura ibice bimwe bya Caribbean cyane cyane Cuba na Puerto Rico. 

Esipaniya Kandi yagenzuye Philippines nyuma iza kuyiha USA biciye mu ntambara USA yari imaze gutsindamo Esipanye. 

4.Qing Dynasty. 1644_1912

Qing Dynasty yashinzwe na Manchu, itangira kubaho nk’ubwami bugali Kandi bukomeye mu 1644_1912. Bwasimbuwe na Repubulika y’u Bushinwa mu 1912.

Qing Dynasty yayoboreye hamwe u Bushinwa, Taiwan, igice cya Tibet, Nepal, Burma , Siam, Vietnam, Corea na Laos.

3.u Burusiya (Russia).

U Burusiya buri mu bihugu bimaze igihe kirekire ari Igihugu budasenyutse ahubwo bwaguka, kuva  mu 1283_1547,, 1547_1721,, 1721_1917 iyi myaka yose u Burusiya bwagendaga bwigarurira ibice bibwegereye harimo nk’ibihugu bya Scandinavians, ibice bituwe n’aba Slavic harimo

Ukraine

Belarus

Poland

Czech Republic

Slovakia

Slovenia

Serbia

Croatia

Bosnia & Herzegovina

Montenegro

North Macedonia

Bulgaria 

U Burusiya Kandi bwigaruriye ibihugu byo muri Aziya ndetse n’ibituwe n’abazungu kuburayi harimo 

,Ukraine, Georgia, Belorussia, Uzbekistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia.

U Burusiya bwigaruriye Alaska ndetse n’ibindi bice bya USA ubu harimo n’igice cya California ubu, ariko icyo gihe igihugu cya Leta zunze ubumwe za America cyari kitarabaho.

2. Mongoliya (Mongolia). 1206_1368

Ubwami bwa Mongoliya bwaguwe cyane na Genghis Khan umwami w’abami wa Mongoliya, uyu mwami w’abami yadukanye uburyo bwo kunyaruka kumafarashi

Buri mu rwanyi wese w’umumongoli wicyo gihe yari afite ubuhahanga ndetse n’ubushobozi bwo ku rwanira ku ifarashi, kuyitekeraho cyangwa se kuyiryamaho mu gihe bibaye ngombwa. Aba Mongoli bagabaga ibitero kubo bahanganye bakabaribatisha amafarashi mu gihe bo bataramenya ibyo ari byo. UYU Genghis Khan Kandi niwe wanazanye uburyo bwo kwihutisha ubutumwa ku rugamba mu buryo bumeze nk’iposita.

Uyu mwami w’abami yaguye Mongoliya kuva  mu Burasirazuba igera mu Burengerazuba. Yagenzuye Corea, ibice bimwe by’u Bushinwa, Ukraine, n’ibihugu biri ku nkombe za Baltic. 

Genghis Khan yapfuye mu 1227 azize gushaka kudapfa, yazize umuti bamuhaye wo kubaho iteka nkuko yari yawutumijeho. Ikindi kihariye kuri Genghis Khan nuko ntawe uzi aho bamushyinguye n’ubu abantu baracyahashakisha bibwira ko baba baramushyiguranye ubutunzi bwinshi.

1. U Bwongereza 

Ubwa bw’Abami bw’Abongereza bwaragutse cyane buyobora ibice bigali ku Isi guhera mu mwaka w’i 1497 kugera 1997 niho ubwami bw’Abongereza bugali bwahirimye,u Bwongereza bwagenzuye ibihugu biri kuri iyi foto iri hasi aha imyaka 500 yose.